[A paper from 1977] Practical systems for beam direct conversion are required to recover the energy from ion beams at high efficiency and at very high beam power densities in the environment of a high ...

Electrically pumped semiconductor lasers are among the most important sources owing to their high efficiency, compactness, and solid-state stability. For the mid-infrared and terahertz radiations, ...

Electron-beam inspection is proving to be indispensable for finding critical defects at sub-5nm dimensions. The challenge now is how to speed up the process to make it economically palatable to fabs.